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A statistical calculation used to indicate how well a design tolerance compares with the normal process variation (defined as +/-3s) and accounts for any difference between the design target and the actual process mean. A good Cpk value indicates that the process is consistently under control i.e., within specification limits and is also centered on the design target value. A Cpk value of 1.33 is typically considered a minimum acceptable process capability; as the Cpk value approaches 1.5, the process approaches Six Sigma capability (3.4 defective units per million).
Cross-Functional Teams -
Teams of employees representing different functional disciplines and/or different process segments who tackle a specific problem or perform a specific task, frequently on an ad hoc basis.
Customer Reject Rate (PPM) -
A quality measure reflecting the number of completed units rejected or returned by external customers, expressed in parts per million. Calculation should include parts reworked by customers. Applies to all shipped units, including parts.
Cycle Time -
1) In industrial engineering, the time between completion of two discrete units of production. For example, the cycle time of motors assembled at a rate of 120 per hour would be 30 seconds. Also, if cycle time for every operation in a complete process can be reduced to equal takt time, products can be made in single-piece flow.
2) In materials management, it often refers to the length of time from when material enters a production facility until it exits.
3) In Lean, manual + walking + waiting time for one cycle of work sequence. Syn: span time or throughput time.
Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO) -
The ratio of defects found per unit (DPU) multiplied by 1,000,000 to the average opportunities for error in one unit. DPMO can be used in benchmarking because it is normalized to provide an equivalent comparison to products or services of varying complexity.
Design for Assembly -
The practice in which ease and cost of assembly is emphasized during the product-design stage. DFMA asks: Can this design be manufactured at superior quality levels, at a cost and using processes which will give it a clear sustainable competitive advantage?
Design for Manufacturing & Assembly -
A conscious process of making design decisions only after fully evaluating the manufacturing processes, tools, quality control measures, and equipment impacts. Design for Procurement - A practice in which product designers work effectively with suppliers and sourcing personnel to identify and incorporate technologies or designs which can be used in multiple products, facilitating the use of standardized components to achieve economies of scale and assure continuity of supply.
Design for Quality -
The practice in which quality assurance and customer perception of product quality are emphasized as an integral part of the design process.
Empowered Natural Work Teams -
Teams that share a common workspace and/or responsibility for a particular process or process segment. Typically such teams have clearly defined goals and objectives related to day-to-day production activities, such as, quality assurance and meeting production schedules, as well as, authority to plan and implement process improvements. Unlike self-directed teams (see definition), empowered work teams typically do not assume traditional "supervisory" roles.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) -
An extension of MRP II software designed to operate on enterprise-wide client/server computing platforms. ERP systems typically claim the ability to achieve tighter (or "seamless") integration between a greater variety of functional areas including materials management, supply chain management, production, sales and marketing, distribution, finance, field service, and human resources. They also provide information linkages to help companies monitor and control activities in geographically dispersed operations.
FMEA or Failure mode and effects analysis (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis ) - A procedure used to identify and assess risks associated with potential product or process failure modes. Finite Capacity Scheduling - Software-based systems that enable simulation of production scheduling (and determination of delivery dates) based on actual unit/hour capacity at each step in the production routing. Finite scheduling systems, running on desktop computers, often compensate for the "infinite capacity" assumptions built into capacity-planning modules in traditional MRP II systems.
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